Strategic Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Management - Research Paper Example The mission of the company needs to be different and very clear. The important areas of mission statement include who we are, what is our business, what products do we offer, and why we chose the particular business. The important issues that will be addressed by the company in the global business environment include equal employment opportunities, child labor, and environmental factors. INTRODUCTION Tolapp Corporation is a successful US manufacturing company located in Tennessee that builds power tools, lawn mowers, lawn furniture, microwaves, and ranges. All products are manufactured locally and sold through large retailers like Sears, Best Buy, and Wal-Mart. They have sale papers inserted in every Wednesday and Sunday paper. Although they have a thriving business in the US and Canada, Tolapp is trying to break into the global marketplace. DISCUSSION Part 1 A). How would you go about defining the identity of Tolapp Corporation and creating its mission statement? The identity of Tol app Corporation can be defined by understanding the industry in which it operates i.e. power tools and lawn equipment industry. An important factor in defining the identity of Tolapp Corporation is competitors’ profile. In order to establish an identity, it is critical to focus on specific market segments and products. For instance, the company can focus on appliances or power lawn equipment. There are different ways through which the mission statement of the company can be developed. The most important factor that should be considered when creating a mission statement is the overall objective or scope of the industry. After this, it is important to identify and evaluate mission statements of other companies operating in the industry (Abrahams, 2004). The mission of the company needs to be different and very clear. The important areas of mission statement include who we are, what is our business, what products do we offer, and why we chose the particular business. The mission statement of Tolapp will be communicated to all employees in order to ensure that they share common goals. The purpose of communicating mission statement to all employees and stakeholders is to ensure that it remains real. B). Where would you look for the information? The places that would be accessed for information include websites of companies operating in the power tool industry, industry reports, industry publications, and scholarly journals. In addition, industry reports of lawn equipment and appliance industry will also be accessed. C). What do you already know about Able that can help? Following are the things that we already know about Tolapp Corporation: The first thing about Tolapp Corporation that we know is its origin. Tolapp Corporation is a company that is located in the United States. The company is present in Tennessee, a U.S. state. The second point about Tolapp Corporation is its business. The main business of the company is manufacturing. The products of the com pany include lawn furniture, lawn mowers, microwaves, and other products. The third point about the corporation is its production and distribution. The company manufactures its products locally. The products are distributed and sold with distributors such as Sears, Wal-Mart, and Best Buy. All these are famous retailers. The company is operating successfully in the United States and Canada. The company is also striving to expand its operations to other parts of the world. The company launches sales

Reproductive Health Law; Is It Good or Bad (Philippines) Essay Example for Free

Reproductive Health Law; Is It Good or Bad (Philippines) Essay Among the biggest and most controversial issues faced by the Philippines’ history is the great debate over the Reproductive Health Bill now known as â€Å"The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012†, different opinions arise from different people, many are against and many are supporting RH Law, but the question is, â€Å"What are the benefits of Reproductive Health Law?† , â€Å"Why is the Catholic Church are against in this law?† and the last things is â€Å"How it will affect our citizen, is Reproductive Health Law a burden or not?† What are the benefits of Reproductive Health Law? Reproductive Health Law allows us to have the access to a full range of methods, facilities, services and supplies that contribute to reproductive health and well-being by addressing reproductive health-related problems. It also includes sexual health, the purpose of which is the enhancement of life and personal relationship. Why the Catholic Church is against in this law? The Catholic Church is not in favor of the Reproductive Health Bill because artificial contraceptives could possibly lead to promiscuity and the failure of implantation of a newly conceived baby if fertilization would happen to take place despite their use.On the other hand, the Catholic Church is not in favor of natalism at all costs, as if the number of children, in itself, were the unmistakable sign of authentic Christian life. Instead the Church is for responsible parenthood, meaning openness to life within marriage, and spacing of birth, only when needed for reasons of serious medical condition or grave poverty, using natural family planning methods. How it will affect our citizen, is Reproductive Health Law a burden or not? For me, RH bill is not a burden, there is no such law that will end up destroying its citizen. It will depend on how you will implicate it, it depends on how people will understand it, it is not immorality but as whatI am witnessing, many people are against it, Catholic church are opposing it, but right now, let’s accept the fact that we need changes, that our life must go on, there is nothing to be feared with, and it is just a matter of understanding, appreciation and acceptance.

Psychological Aspects of Cybersecurity

Psychological Aspects of Cybersecurity Human Factors, Threats, Culture and Liability: Psychological Aspects of Cybersecurity Introduction In today’s society, cyber intrusion and attacks is becoming more prevalent. No one really knows the motivation behind such attacks. In some cases, it may be psychological and in others it could be a way to attain an adrenaline rush by invading a high-level security system. While cyber attacks has increased, our nation is putting execution actions in place to safeguard our critical infrastructure. With all of that being said, Congress has a responsibility to the people/nation to protect and secure their freedom. Cyber attacks are malicious acts that target information systems, infrastructures, and computer networks. Normally, the sources of the attack are unknown and the reasons of the attack are unclear. In many cases, the attacks are labeled as cyber warfare or cyber terrorism. In the same fashion, the people who commit these crimes are described as communist, cyber terrorist, and black hat etc. However, when Congress is the focus of the attack normally the target of attack is our infrastructure. Descriptive Labels Applied to Cybercrime The descriptive label that would be applied to cybercrime is data security breach or cyber terrorism. Further explanation of â€Å"Data Security Breach Notification Act 2012, mandates that companies have reasonable security measures to protect personal information and establish a uniform breach notification law (S. 3333 (112th): Data Security and Breach Notification Act of 2012, 2012).† Cyber terrorism is when a computer is used as the weapon for attack. In some cases you will find that cyber terrorism is the way to seek revenge or used as a method to intimidate or coerce one. An example of a cyber-terrorism perhaps could be hacking into aircrafts system and changing the coordinates of the flight. In 1996, President Bill Clinton created a Commission of Critical Infrastructure Protection. Congress new that the nation was at risk of cyber attacks. Therefore, to heighten awareness and maintain economic stability the board felt it was necessary to protect critical infrastructure. This was a mixture of electricity, computer networks, communication etc.; because all of these elements were vulnerable of cyber-warfare. With this in mind, the government was also thinking of protecting the public and private industries from such attacks. They were completely oblivious of the dangers how much or daily lives rely on computers. Notwithstanding the dangers and vulnerabilities they subjects themselves to when using the computer. Another issue is finding out who are the perpetrators and how the attack were initiated. The board felt it would be most helpful if they adequately protected critical system from intrusion. That meant ensuring the proper firewalls were enabled and the system was bein g monitored (http://csciwww.etsu.edu/gotterbarn/stdntppr/). Threat Factors In reality, if the United States Infrastructure comes under attack the enemy could cripple our defenses depending on how sophisticated the attacker is. The possible intent behind attacking our infrastructure, would be to target our water supply, transportation, telecommunication, energy, and last but not least finance. Our way of living depends on critical infrastructure; if we were to lose these vital roles we would be vulnerable to the enemy. These operations are important and we have become dependent on these networks. The lost of electricity, telecommunications, transportation, energy, and water would render us helpless. Such an attack would disrupt our day-to-day life and cause mass panic and fear. Therefore, in order to prevent such an act from occurring, Congress has created a new executive branch to merge 22 government agencies that were already in existence. The goal was to secure the nation and preserve freedom. In addition, have the ability to fence off attacks and be prep ared for unexpected disasters. To accomplish this task, the Department of Homeland Security had to unify the department in order to strengthen the components. Policy tells us that through partnership with other departments and operators of critical infrastructure would improve cyber security sharing information, which is ideal for the nation. Water Supply Attacking the water supply would be the most critical attack on the infrastructure. The water supply is controlled by computer systems, which is why it poses the most security risk. If the enemy was able to bypass the security features, they could release large amounts of water in any particular area. Destruction of large dams could unleash large amounts of water resulting in catastrophic flooding, loss of life and damage to property. Another vulnerability would be the sewer system. The sewage system protects public health and the environment; while providing a series of treatment that clean the water supply. Raw sewage has harmful bacteria and viruses that could be life threatening to human or animas if exposed to it. â€Å"Bioterrorism or chemical attacks could deliver widespread contamination with small amounts of microbiological agents or toxic chemicals could endanger public health (Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector, 2006 ).† (http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/68790.pdf).† Energy The second most important infrastructure that could be attacked is energy. Energy is described in two separate classifications one being electricity and the other being natural gas. Electricity is used in everywhere i.e. houses, cities and regions. It is needed for day-to-day living such usage of machines and life saving mechanisms. For example, cyber terrorist has the ability to gain access to daily power report data. The report shows the flow of electricity in different regions. As a result, a cyber terrorist would have the ability to know what the busiest sections of the grid were. It is important to realize with this information they could shut down the power gird at the busiest time of the day and cause hysteria, backflow, and confusion. Without power the United States, defenses are down. â€Å"There have been incidents or credible intelligence to indicate that a potentially well organized, disruptive cyber attack is imminent against the electrical utility industry in general or BPA specifically, or Terrorist activity, either physical or cyber, has been perpetrated against civilian or government sites within the boundaries of the United States†¦ (Threat Conditions, n.d.).† http://info.bpa.gov/Emergency/ThreatConditions.aspx Not only is electricity important to infrastructure but natural gas is too. Cyber terrorist can halt the use or redirect gas flows. Keeping the energy a float is important for maintaining the safety and economic success in the United States. The White House Initiative has an Executive order, which is led by the Department of Energy and the Department of Homeland Security. Their job is to ensure electric companies and grid operators have working knowledge of cyber security potentials and prioritize their actions and investments to improve cyber security. In addition their â€Å"industry stakeholders in the energy sector, are also contributing to the development of the Cyber security Framework, which was announced as part of Executive Order 13636 on â€Å"Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity. (http://energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-new-investments-over-30-million-better-protect-nation-s).† Transportation A disturbance in the transportation system would cause a chain of economic disruption. By interfering with transportation it hinder citizens and would progressively degrade the economy over time span. It would impede on scheduling as well as accessibility. In like manner, these methods would have a negative impact on cargo being transported from place to place. Moreover, cyber terrorist can target railroad operations by taking controls of the switches, additional they could take over flight software to divert aircraft. Sapphire or Slammer worm spread quickly through the Internet attacking millions of computers and overwhelming them with data due to a flaw in a Microsoft program. (CONSUMER PRIVACY DEVELOPMENTS, n.d.).† Transportation is important to critical infrastructure. In order to maintain a since of balance, proactive measures must be in place to strengthen and secure critical infrastructure. It is important to have the necessary assets including but not limited to networks and public confidence. Needless to say, the infrastructure must be secure in order to withstand and promptly recoup from an attack. Finance Telecommunication Company Liabilities Reducing vulnerabilities through effective internal cybersecurity policy controls Conclusion The threat of cyber crime has risen in the United States. Congress is having more debates on the nations ‘s cyber security, terrorism, and breaches within our national systems. It was said by the â€Å"******* that we were in trouble because cyber attacks have resulted in the greatest transfer of wealth in history. (*****).† Although, Legislation have been proposed to govern the laws the bills have not been enacted. This is mainly due to the fact; the government and private industries have issues with the federal data security bills. Currently, the United States has a cyber security Executive Order in place. The purpose for this order, is to protect their United States from cyber contusion and the attacks against the nations critical infrastructure. A threat to the infrastructure is major to national security. Our nation relies on the infrastructure to keep the mainframe secure and efficient against intrusion. As stated earlier, cyber attacks are becoming more vigilant therefore, the government had to make changes to the executive branch. In 2002, a new executive department was put into place called the Homeland Security Act. Homeland Security Act 2002, was created to â€Å" prevent terrorist attacks within the United States; reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism; and minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States. (Homeland Security Act of 2002) References Anonymous. (2011). Data breach and electronic crime: the Sonys case. Retrieved from gcsec.org: http://www.gcsec.org/blog/data-breach-and-electronic-crime-sonys-case Anonymous. (2013). Managing CyberSecurity Risk. Retrieved from Protiviti: http://www.protiviti.com/en-US/Documents/Newsletters/Board-Perspectives/Board-Perspectives-Risk-Oversight-Issue44-Managing-Cybersecurity-Risk-Protiviti.pdf Anonymous. (n.d). About Sony Electronics Life at Sony. Retrieved from http://discover.store.sony.com/: http://discover.store.sony.com/sonyjobs/pages/about/life.html Anonymous. (n.d). Corporate Mission. Retrieved from neimanmarcus: http://www.neimanmarcuscareers.com/story/mission.shtml Anonymous. (n.d). Mission Values. Retrieved from About Target: https://corporate.target.com/about/mission-values Anonymous. (n.d). Throught the Years. Retrieved from Target.com : https://corporate.target.com/about/history Aspan, M. (2011). Citi says 360,000 accounts hacked in May cyber attack. Retrieved November 23, 2011, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/16/us-citigroup-hacking-idUSTRE75F17620110616 Bavisi, S. (2009). Penetration Testing. In Vacca, J. R. (Ed.), Computer and information security handbook. Boston, MA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Bodhani, A. (2013). Bad†¦In a Good Way. Engineering Technology, 7(12), p64-68. Campbell, Q., Kennedy, D.M. (2009). The psychology of computer criminals. In Bosworth, et al., (Eds.), Computer security handbook. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Chen, C.; Shaw, R.; Yang, S. (2006). Mitigating information security risks by increasing user security awareness: A case study of an information security awareness system. Information Technology, Learning Performance Journal, 24(1), p1-14. Chen, T.; Walsh, P. (2009). Guarding Against Network Intrusions. In Vacca, J. R. (Ed.), Computer and information security handbook. Boston, MA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. DATALOSSdb Open Security Foundation (2014). Data Loss Statistics. Retrieved from http://datalossdb.org/statistics Dittrich, D., Himma, K.E. (2006). Hackers, crackers and computer criminals. In H. Bidgoli (Ed.), Handbook of information security (Vol 2). New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Elgin, B., Lawrence, D., Riley , M. (2014, February 21). Neiman Marcus Hackers Set Off 60,000 Alerts While Bagging Credit Card Data. Retrieved from businessweek.com: http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-21/neiman-marcus-hackers-set-off-60-000-alerts-while-bagging-credit-card-data Ethical Issues. (2013). Retrieved from http://cps182cyber-crime.wordpress.com/ethical-issues/ Finklea, K.M., Theohary, C.A. (2012). Cyber-crime: Conceptual issues for congress and U.S. law enforcement. Journal of Current Issues in Crime, Law and Law Enforcement. 5 (1/2), 1-27. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=79df209d-d6a2-4fd7-9761-f40b899a23e1%40sessionmgr4002hid=4209bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=i3hAN=88850916 Frizell, S. (2014, January 29). Holder: Feds Investigating Target Breach. Retrieved from Time.com: http://business.time.com/2014/01/29/feds-investigation-target-security/ Germano, S. (2013, December 27). Target’s Data-Breach Timeline. Retrieved from Wall Street Journal: http://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2013/12/27/targets-data-breach-timeline/ Goldman, G. (2011). Mass e-mail breach: Just how bad is it? Retrieved November 23, 2011, from http://money.cnn.com/2011/04/06/technology/epsilon_breach/index.htm Harris, E. A., Perlroth, N., Popper, N. (2014, January 23). Neiman Marcus Data Breach Worse Than First Said. Retrieved from New YOrk Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/business/neiman-marcus-breach-affected-1-1-million-cards.html Hassan, A.B., Lass, F.D., Makinde, J. (2012). Cyber-crime in Nigeria: Causes, effects and the way out. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology. 2(7), 626-631. Retrieved from http://www.ejournalofscience.org/archive/vol2no7/vol2no7_11.pdf Heavey, S., Finkle, J. (2014, March 13). Target says it declined to act on early alert of cyber breach. Retrieved from Reuters. Com: http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/13/us-target-breach-idUSBREA2C14F20140313 ITU. (2012). Understanding cyber-crime: Phenomena, challenges and legal response. Retrieved from www.itu.int/ITU-D//cybersecurity//Cyber-crime%20legislation%20EV6. pdf Kaiser, D. (2007). Insurance options vary as much as cyber attacks. Business Insurance, 41(21), 24. Katz, K. (2014, February 21). Security info. Retrieved from www.neimanmarcus.com: http://www.neimanmarcus.com/NM/Security-Info/cat49570732/c.cat?icid=topPromo_hmpg_ticker_SecurityInfo_0114 Krebs, B. (2014, 02 14). Target Hackers Broke in Via HVAC Company. Retrieved from krebsonsecurity.com: http://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/02/target-hackers-broke-in-via-hvac-company/ Lewis, J. (2013). Raising the Bar for Cybersecurity. Center for Strategic International Studies. Retrieved from http://csis.org/files/publication/130212_Lewis_RaisingBarCybersecurity.pdf Mansoor, B. (2009). Intranet Security. In Vacca, J. R. (Ed.), Computer and information security handbook. Boston, MA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. McAfee (2014). McAfee Labs Threats Report: Fourth Quarter 2013. McAfee Labs. Retrieved from http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-quarterly-threat-q4-2013.pdf Metz, C. (2005). identity theft is out of control. (cover story). PC Magazine, 24(14), 87 Sales, N. (2013). REGULATING CYBER-SECURITY. Northwestern University Law Review, 107(4), 1503-1568. Shackleford, D. (2013). New Pathways to Network Security. Information Security, 15(6), p10-15. Sherr, I., Wingfield, N. (2012, May 7). Play by Play: Sonys Struggles on Breach. Retrieved from Wall Street Journal : http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704810504576307322759299038 Warner, J. (2011). Understanding cyber-crime in Ghana: A view from below. International Journal of Cyber Criminology. 5(1), 736-749. Retrieved from http://www.cyber-crimejournal.com/warner2011ijcc.pdf Waugh, D. (2001). Computer crime and ethics. Retrieved from http://homepage.ntlworld.com/woofy/ethics/ethics.pdf Williams, M. (2011, May 01). PlayStation Network Hack Timeline. Retrieved from pcworld.com: http://www.pcworld.com/article/226802/playstation_network_hack_timeline.html Wolf, J., Maclean, W. (2011). IMF cyber attack aimed to steal insider information: Expert. Retrieved November 23, 2011, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/12/us-imf-cyberattack-idUSTRE75A20720110612 Youderian, A. (2013, August 08). LulzSec Hacker Gets Year in Prison for Sony Attack. Retrieved from courthousenews.com: http://www.courthousenews.com/2013/08/08/60130.htm

Elizabeth George :: essays research papers fc

A Brief Biography of Elizabeth George (with a smidgeon of literary criticism-- and a short bibliography) Susan Elizabeth George was born on February 26, 1949, in Warren, Ohio, to Robert Edwin and Anne (Rivelle) George. She married Ira Toibin, an education administrator, on May 28, 1971; they divorced in November, 1995. She received an A.A. from Foothill Community College (Los Altos, CA) in 1969, a B.A. in 1970 from the University of California at Riverside, and an M.S. from California State University in 1979. She lists her political affiliation as Democratic and her religion as "recovering from Catholicism." Marjorie Rosen writes of her: "Growing up the only daughter of Robert George, an estimator for a conveyor company, and his wife, Anne, a nurse, George was influenced early by her parents' enthusiasm for literature. 'When my older brother, Rob, was 6, he was struck in the eye by an arrow and had his eyes bandaged. My parents spent hours reading to him, and I listened,' she Ms. George and Titch--photo credit Patty Smiley says. 'We weren't a family that had a lot of money. We turned to the world of imagination.' At 7, George knew she wanted to write. She began turning out short stories in elementary school after her mother gave her an old '30s typewriter, and she wrote her first unpublished novel by the time she graduated from Holy Cross High School in Mountain View." She taught English at several California high schools and has conducted creative writing courses at Coastline College (Costa Mesa, CA), Irvine Valley College (Irvine, CA), and the University of California, Irvine. She was selected Teacher of the Year by the Orange County Department of Education in 1981. Contemporary Authors quotes Ms. George, "I'm often asked why I write about England. The answer lies in my philosophy: 'Write about what interests you; write about what you love; write about what gives you joy.' Writing is such a lovely torture, it seems silly to engage in it if it's not directed towards something you love." Ms. George states that her love of things British dates from a 1966 Shakespeare study trip to England when she was 16. However, she told Valerie Takahama, "There's a part of writing these novels that I really can't explain. ... When the plane comes down in England, I feel as if I'm coming home." (She recently purchased a flat near Hyde Park in South Kensington, London.

Organizational Change and Development

In the past, people have been treated the organization as a closed system, that is to say, organizational behavior and performance are the results from unilateral decision by managers, ignoring the existence of the environment. However, as an open system, the organization and its external environment are interaction and mutual penetration. Environment should be seen as the organizational material, energy, the ultimate resource of information and the key to organization renewal. This paper will discuss the contribution of environmental determinist theories by interpreting Institutional Theory, Population Ecology, Resource Dependence Theory and Business Ecosystem Theory. 2. Institutional theory Starting from the sociological system theory, institutional theory focuses on the isomorphism and similar between organizations, and put it down to the requirements of the institutional environment outside the organization. (Tidd, 2001) In institutional theory, the organization faces with two different environments: technical environment and institutional environment. Technological environment requires the organization must be efficient and organized by the principle of maximum production, while the institutional environment requires organizations must be legitimacy. Meyer and Rowen pointed out that many organizations even had to have the internal operations separated from organizational structure in order to reduce the negative impact from the institutional environment requests on the efficient operation. DiMaggio and Powell further put forward three mechanisms lead to convergence of the organizational type and organizational behavior. Camarinha-Matos, & Afsarmanesh, 2007)The first one is forcing mechanisms, such as government regulations and cultural expectations. The second one is imitation mechanism. When faces with uncertainty problem, organizations tend to adopt the solution used by other organizations in the same organizational field. The last one is regulatory mechanisms, which comes from development and complication of professional networ ks in professional training, and organizational field. Sequential studies take a large number of empirical analyses on the mechanism above. Take Galaskiewicz and Wasserman for example, they confirmed the importance of networking to the mechanism of imitation. They noted that, although the successful organization may be easy to become the object of imitation, the organization managers tend to imitate the organization they trust, such as those that have the interpersonal association with their own organization.

Star Fruit - Averrhoa Carambola essays

Star Fruit - Averrhoa Carambola essays The plant I have chosen is commonly called star fruit and its scientific name Averrhoa carambola L. The star fruit is in the oxalidaceae family, and it originated in Southeast Asia. Although star fruit is now grown throughout many tropical and warm subtropical areas of the world. In the United States, they are grown commercially in southern Florida and Hawaii (Crane). Of all the many locations that star fruit are grown Taiwan claims to grow the very best star fruit. The carambola or star fruit is a slow-growing, short trunk evergreen tree with its many branches forming a bushy canopy that is rounded. Mature trees seldom exceed 25 to 30 feet in height and 20 to 25 feet in width. The leaves are soft, medium green, and smooth on the top and faintly hairy on the bottom. They are sensitive to light and will fold together at night or when the tree is shocked (Fruit Gardner). The flowers are small pink to lavender colored and have five petals and sepals. The actual fruit is a fleshy berry w ith a wary surface. They are two to six inches long with five prominent longitudinal ribs. Slices cut in cross-sections are star shaped. The skin is thin, yellow, and smooth with a waxy cuticle. The flesh is yellow, translucent, crisp and very juicy. Star fruit is sweet and even sweeter when allowed to ripen on the tree. They are low in calories and a good source of potassium and vitamin C (Crane). The seeds are edible, but usually, a fruit contains less than twelve. They are long, thin, light brown, and enclosed by a gelatinous aril. Star fruit grows best in tropical climates although they also do well in warm subtropical climates that may experience occasional freezing. They are not too particular about soil types, but they will grow faster and bear more fruit in rich loam. Star fruit need moisture for best production; this means regular watering or irrigation. Young carambola trees should receive light applications of fertilizers every 60 to 90 days ...

buy custom The History of Respiratory essay

buy custom The History of Respiratory essay The management of medical condition through respiratory care/therapy has a very short but rich history. Respiratory care gives/therapists with other physicians and health professionals diagnose and treat patients with disorders in their respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Today, respiratory care has grown and become a dynamic and exciting profession in health care giving. Most top medical institutions offer respiratory care trainings. The demand for respiratory care givers has in the years been growing due to the efficacy of respiratory therapy in the management of myriad medical conditions and also the rise in the prevalence of respiratory medical conditions such as pneumonia and other respiratory diseases associated with diseases of the heart and other ailments that occur as a result of aging. The use of respiratory care/therapy in the management of medical conditions has had commendable results. This explains its growth and adoptions in the medical profession despite its short history. According to Egan, Wilkins, Stoller, Kacmarek (2009) respiratory care was adopted in US in the early 1950s. During this period, medical professionals offering this care were called inhalation therapists. These individuals were charged with administering oxygen to patients in hospitals. However there are other indications that suggest that the history of respiratory care began much earlier than 1950s in the United States. Wyka Mathews Clark (2001) provide that respiratory care giving began in the United States much earlier than 1940s as proved by the existence of oxygen administration equipments in hospitals before this period such as the oxygen tent argued to have been in use as early as 1926 and Nasal catheter said to have been in use by 1928. During this period, the main job of respirato ry therapists included provision of oxygen to critically ill patients especially those in Intensive Care units (ICU). Oxygen masks argued to have been developed in the early 1938 were mainly used by army pilots to aid in breathing. It should be noted, there also very early indications that suggest that the use of respiratory care has been in use much earlier that has been indicated in the history of medicine. A very good example is the case Thomas Beddoes who is argued to be the first to use oxygen for therapeutic functions. He is also credited with the establishment of Pneumatic Institute of Bristol in England which is also known to be the first medical institution to have used oxygen for therapeutic reasons. According to Wyka Mathews Clark (2001), Beddoes and his colleagues used primitive oxygen masks (made of oiled silk rags) to treat medical conditions such as heath diseases, asthma, leposy, venereal diseases and opium addiction. Beddoes is referred to as the father of respiratory care despite the fact that oxygen did not have any therapeutic effect in any of the medical conditions that he was trying to cure. Today, the field has expanded and to include use of other gases in the management of medical conditions and operations. It also includes the monitoring and management of mechanical and computerized ventilators that have been designed to provide life support for patients undergoing operations through monitoring their respiratory systems and the heart and its hemodynamics. The use of respiratory care in the management of medical conditions gained more recognition in the 1940s after a group of oxygen tank technicians in Illinois started meeting with doctors who were involved in the treatment of diseases related to the lungs. They formed a group in 1946 and named it Inhalation Therapy Association (ITA). This group focused on providing training for people involved in the administration of medical gases to patients. The first graduates for the trainings were awarded certificates in 1950 (Wyka Mathews Clark 2001). These individuals however had little formal education but they had desire for practicing medicine. Egan, Wilkins, Stoller, Kacmarek, (2009) provide that these were the primary group of people to receive formal certification in Inhalation therapy. After the impact of the trainings provided by the ITA was witnessed, American College of Chest Physicians offered to provide sponsorship to ITA in 1953 which by now was holding annual conventions. By now they had attendants from 14 states and Canada. In 1954, the group elected a board of directors and changed its name from ITA to American Association of Inhalation Therapists (AAIT) with Sister Borromea as the president and Jimmy Young as the executive director. During this time, AAIT had started putting out monthly bulletin and also started forming state chapters (Wyka Mathews Clark 2001). In 1957, American Society of Anaestologists (ASA) started to offer official sponsorship of AAIT which continued grow t a membership of around 600 members by 1958. With advancement in technology, more technical and better equipment were introduced as well as other therapeutic techniques. By this time individuals practicing this type of medicine had the title inhalation therapists. Their main duty was to ensure that oxygen was properly used. They also administered intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) treatments, performed CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and also operated negative pressure (iron lung) ventilators. >The growth of membership to AAIT was major revenue to Hospitals. This meant that the requirements for joining the group had to be raised. By 1961, it was no longer a on the job trainee field. AAIT established standards for schools. In 1963, representatives from American Medical Association, Council of Medical Education, American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), American Registry of Inhalation Therapists (ARIT) and ASA together came to Chicago headquarters of AMA to form Board of Schools for the new field which was to function under AMA council on medical education. The Board of schools was later renamed Joined Review Committee for Inhalation Therapy Education (JRCITE) in 1964. JRCITE visited and evaluated inhalation therapy education programs. This step marked a very important step in the establishment of serious education and training programs in respiratory care as it weeded out the training programs which were ineffective and those which were exploitative. Each inhalation trai ning program had to be approved by the JRCITE after meeting the requirements and tests and the minimum standards that had been put in place. The evaluation programs evolved and now moved from hospitals to academic institutions. The essentials for approving a program were based on the facilities that were available for training such as books, the medical support and the number of classes. In 1980s this method of evaluation was realized to be inadequate and inaccurate. It changed its methods of evaluation from progress oriented to target oriented were the trainees were measured based on the given targets of a training programs. While there was development of AMA approved schools for inhalation therapy, there was also establishment for system for accrediting individuals who passed the accreditation requirements. The 1959 autumn Bulletin AAIT called for the creation for a nonprofit organization that would create registration for individual practitioners and ARIT was developed. By late 1960s, the credential and title of Certified Inhalation Therapy Technician was developed. By 1972, AAIT changed its name to American Association of Respiratory Therapists (AART). Other changes that also had been witnessed in this profession are the certification and accreditation titles. Registered Inhalation Therapist changed to Registered respiratory Therapist and Certified Inhalation Therapy Technician changed to Certified Respiratory Therapy Technician. Other major events in history respiratory care include the formation of National Board of Respiratory Care (NBRC) in 1974 to develop and testing procedures according to the set national standards. In 1995 there was the formation of Respiratory Care Education Programs. Buy custom The History of Respiratory essay

Essays on the Intranet

Essays on the Intranet Essays on the Intranet Essays on the Intranet Intranet is a private computer network used by a limited number of people who have access to it. The perfect example of intranet is a school computer system. Intranet is a system based on the Internet technologies but the sharing of information is more protected due to the limited number of users and the specifics of the operational systems. If you are writing essays on the intranet, this article is useful for you. Essays on the Intranet Facts In this section you will find some basic facts about the intranet to be including in the introductory or background section of your paper. Intranet is built upon the same technologies as the Internet (client-server computing) Intranet is the private or restricted version of the internet confined to the specific institution, organization, or a group of people Intranet appeared in early 1990s in universities Intranet has restricted access even though it may also be accessible for any approved party Intranet does not necessary has access to the Internet Intranet is believed to foster collaboration and used as a corporate platform in all major corporations Topics Ideas for Essays on Intranet If you are not sure how to start writing an essay on intranet, read the following topics ideas. In addition, you may review the list of good essay topics and topics for a research paper on our blog. What are the benefits of Intranet for companies? What is the function of Intranet at university or college? What is more secure: Intranet or Internet? Does intranet contribute to more timely decisions? Is Intranet a powerful tool for communication? What is the history of Intranet emergence? What are the differences and similarities of the Intranet and the Internet? Essays on the Intranet Custom Writing Not every personal is able to become a gifted surgeon and not every student is able to write award-winning essays. We understand that many students are struggling with essay writing and offer an effective and reliable solution - custom paper writing. Our services are not offered to do your homework instead of your but rather to help you with the research and writing. As our client, you receive custom written essay on the Intranet created from scratch in full accordance to the instruction. We reference all sources in the format you specify and provide you with free outline and bibliography list. We do not copy/paste and we guarantee originality of every single sentence in written essay. You may check more free tips on essay writing, research paper, term paper, coursework, and problem and solution essay writing:http://.com/blog/problem-and-solution-essay Read also: Dissertation Proposal Dissertation Help APA Thesis Writers of Term Papers Term Schools Papers about Gospel Music

Electronic Monitoring System Implementation Case Study

Electronic Monitoring System Implementation - Case Study Example I have been appointed as the consultant and my responsibility is to carry out a research-oriented study for management Board of an organization, for the implementation of the electronic monitoring system for the better management and handling of the employee’s activities and daily tasks on the job. This report will provide a deep insight into the overall organizational implementation new electronic monitoring system. Companies desire to be persuading their personnel are carrying out a first-class job; on the other hand, employees don't desire their every trip or sneeze to the water-cooler logged. That's the fundamental conflict or clash of office observation (Workplace? 2009). Up-to-date technologies put together it feasible for organizations to view numerous activities of their worker’s occupation, predominantly on computer terminals, telephones in the course of voice mail, electronic as well as when workers are making use of the Internet. This sort of monitoring is practically unregulated. As a result, except business strategy purposely position otherwise, our company can listen, observe as well as read the majority of our place of work communications (Workplace? 2009). From the perspective of workers, electronic monitoring through companies engages considerable isolation distress. Electronic monitoring allows an organization to check what staff is performing on the duty as well as investigation of worker communications, encompassing Internet activity and e-mail, frequently confining as well as evaluation of communications that workers judge privately. Since electronic monitoring as well comprises utilize of computer forensics, a comparatively innovative discipline as well as a significant progression in the wider areas of computer evidence and electronic monitoring (King, 2009). There are numerous business reasons for organizations to electronically monitor employees in the place of work encompassing the judgment of employee’s effectiveness, defending organization’s property from mistreatment, as well as making sure and fulfilment through the place of work  strategies.

Employment Relations in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employment Relations in UK - Essay Example Employment relations in U.K, were a victim of improper communication between the stake holders and the stake holders pursuing their own interests rather than the common industry interests. As a result the scene was chaotic and conflicts rose between the Union strongholds, managements of various organizations and the Government. It is almost impossible to single out any part to blame but collectively employment relations suffered greatly, as a result economic growth took the back seat and new employable areas almost vanished. When situation looked grim and almost impossible to repair dramatic changes took place. Europe, which has adapted well to the call for change in Human relations has acted like a catalyst in the change movement that took place in U.K. Surprisingly, stake holders in Employment relations in U.K, responded positively to the call for change and mended their ways. Situation bettered and employment relations are definitely looking clear and focused to let changes take place. What brought such a sudden change in their attitude is proper dialogue and a establishment of a transparent communication among the stake holders. It is not that there is no communication system previously, They have learnt what are the communication barriers which are hampering the process and they have successfully removed them. Change Management- the order of the day: The concept - employment relations bring out the participation of stake holders in building healthy and prospective relationships. This academic essay focuses on identifying the stake holders, their responsibilities, roles they have played and the type of transition that has taken place in U.K. In the present day industry to change is the norm of the day. Any organization which has remained static and resisted changes has been phased out. Human Relations Management over the last decade has learnt how to adapt to changing situations and guide the organization towards achievement of its objectives by innovating and changing. The changes are not without their due share of problems. U.K in the past was haunted by colonialism and a high degree of collective bargaining among the workers. Trade Unions and Labor Unions ruled the roost for most of the period and actually crippled the economy and productivity. However the situation took a turnaround and seems a much brighter scene than the past. What caused this turnaround is the never say die spirit of the Brits and the positive influence of the European market as a whole on U.K. Stakeholders in employment relations: Employment Relations is "Maintaining all possible contacts with the participatory involvement of public, the corporate, the Government and the Unions and generate value for the organization". (Public & Industrial Relations, P.34, 35, 2005, V.K.Gupta). I have observed the participation of the all the above said stake holders and the respective roles played by them in the problem phase and the solution phase. Some of the stakeholders are: i. The Management of various organizations. ii. Respective Employees and their individual actions. iii. The role played by Trade Unions & Employee Welfare Organizations. iv. Policies laid by the Government and

Commnication and Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commnication and Decision Making - Essay Example The reason why we have to lay off some of our employees is because the company has been experiencing some slow times over the last three months. This has been caused by the high prices of raw materials as well as high salaries. As a result, there is a need to cut costs since the company is not generating enough revenue as well as cash flow. The affected departments will be in a position to create sharp cost cutbacks for a brief episode of time. It is expected that the affected departments will be faced with more workload and the inventory turnover may be slow for a while. However, the company will suffer a one-time cost to gain subsequent annual recurring savings. Additionally, the affected areas overall output will less than the usual or poor productivity and the departments will need to readjust their work schedules and routines (Gandolf, 2008). The remaining employees are expected to display symptoms anxiety, inadequate commitment to the work, as well as lack of creativity. Staffs in the three departments namely; order processing department, the human resources department and the production department will be expected to be apprehensive of their jobs. It is also expected that people will start to view their colleagues as rivals. This will mostly likely affect the output. To ensure that there is no break of confidentiality, the departments’ managers will need to pay equivalentdevotion to the personnel who will be losing their jobs as well as those who will be remaining. For the employees who are being laid off, the departments’ managers will be required to afford fair severance, providechances for re?training, as well as outplacement resources. Again, for the employees who will be remaining, the departments’ managers will provide numerous two?way communication networks (particularly face?to?face) among leadership and personnel to provide them numerous chances to communicate their worries, ask queriesas well as deepen their comprehension o f the realities of business. The departments’ managers will need to makesure that those employees who will be remaining are conscious of the resources and support afforded by the firm to employees who will be out of work. This willmake a noteworthy difference to upcoming workforce productivity and mitigate the upsurge in the voluntary turnover, which follows each forced lay off (Gandolf, 2008). To aid in the ‘moving of forward’ as well as transition after the layoffs, the managers from theinvolved departments will be required to communicate efficaciously and often with the staff. It is expected that people will begin to reveal signs of fretfulness, lack of dedication, as well as a reduction in creativity and productivity. In the days and weeks to follow the layoff, the departments’ managers will need to come up with strong leadership stratagems to aid employees focus upon the primacies at hand as well as to re-devote themselves to the company. The managers will be required to hold frequent meetings with employees plus generate an agenda;enquire on how individuals are holding up, listen as well as respond empathetically; ask about the ‘rumors’ and either dispel or validate them; set well-defined, realistic, achievable short-term goals. The managers will need to be focused upon the department’s work; institute an open-door policy; as well as let staff be aware that they approach the manager with concern, information and questions. All these stratagems will aid the

Mind and Consciousness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mind and Consciousness - Essay Example Syntactic knowledge is, to much an extent, dependent upon the system. The same action may have various commands with the change of the machine. â€Å"Also conventions can be a source of difficulties, for example using â€Å"S† for saving or for sending a file can produce confusing experiences† (Dursteler, 2011). Semantic knowledge, on the other hand, points towards the understanding of meanings that are not linked with particular experiences. It is the conscious recollection of knowledge about our surroundings and the whole world in the broader context irrespective of the context. For example, it is because of my semantic knowledge that I am able to differentiate between the meanings of individual words in language. The form and content of knowledge are two entirely different areas. Forms of knowledge can be classified into three types, namely the intellectual knowledge, knowledge of stats, and the knowledge of reality. Intellectual knowledge is an assemblage of facts which can be used to derive intellectual conclusions. Knowledge of states is basically emotionalism, in which an individual is occupied by extreme thoughts. The knowledge of reality enables a man to identify the ultimate truth. This form of knowledge is commonly retained by Sufis and spiritual people. The content of knowledge, on the other hand, is all that shapes an individual’s vision and opinion. The form of knowledge is more concerned with the state of mind whereas the content of knowledge is what is displayed in the form of knowledge. Machines have limited knowledge. When assessing machine intelligence, it must be ensured that the form of knowledge is consistent with the content of knowledge stored in it. Human brain and computer are so different structurally that they are almost incomparable (Scaruffi, 2001). The fundamental difference between thinking power, consciousness and knowledge of human intelligence and machine intelligence is the fact that the former is

Contractual Agreement for an Architect in Canada Research Paper

Contractual Agreement for an Architect in Canada - Research Paper Example The general architect is entirely responsible for the construction in accordance with this kind of agreement and for every compensation made for the expenses and performance connected to the subcontractors. The advantages associated with kind of contractual arrangement include: A single prime deal is regularly simpler to manage since it has a centralized task for the architect and client. The transactions made by the client are transferred to one architect, reducing the possibility of confusion, unlike multiple prime contractors. Design plans for the construction are originally arranged by a planning expert. The client then selects one architect to perform the work, following a bidding procedure grounded on the design plans. This is the most widespread of architectural deal used in Canada. This is because another major advantage lays in the plans and requirements being prepared by design experts turning out to be part of the bidding credentials. This way, the client is bound to recei ve high quality outcomes of the construction from the contractors (Quatman and Dhar 342). ... 2. Design-build contractual agreement The Design-build agreement is an accord between a client and an architectural firm that offers design and building services (Hopper 134). An expansion of this kind of contract is a â€Å"turnkey† project where the contractor gets project funding, acquires land, offers blueprint and construction services, and delivers the final product to the client, available for occupancy. The advantages of using this kind of contractual agreement include: Saving time, an aspect of the sort of  contract an architect might go into when offering archetypal Design-Bid-Build services. Nevertheless, time is not considered a major factor in architecture in comparison with the expenses, construction and quality of the project. The association with a quick track program, able to eliminate the possibility of incorporated designs. The programs frequently imply that each period of the building phase is spent with the occupants to determine their requirements in th e new building (OAA 2011). When the designer operates for the builder, instead of working directly for the client, checks and balances existing in other techniques’ are mislaid. The architect and contractor’s engineer, otherwise known as the ‘clerk of the works’ in Canada, are normally depended upon to maintain the trend made by the construction. This approach of the contract assures that the builder sticks to the plans and regulations of the contract. Under such an observation, the client is guaranteed adherence and honor to the contract made with the construction organization (Quatman and Dhar 342). Certain disadvantages may arise from this kind of contractual agreement depending on the organization and builders the client has awarded. The demerits

Impact of Cinematography on the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact of Cinematography on the movie - Essay Example They find a very old ancient kind of a book having ghastly illustrations, a dagger, which is decked up like the skull of a human and reel-to-reel tape recorder. Initially they are very amused by seeing all this and they watch those things out of curiosity. They play the tape and start listening to it. The recorded message in the tape are the contents from "The Book of the Dead" dictated by the professor. It has the incantations, which have the power of resurrecting the dead and giving them the power of possessing the living beings. A series of terrifying incidents start taking place the moment the students play the tape recorder. We come to know about the impending danger from the body language of the characters. One of the female characters holds the hands of her boyfriend and the covers her ears with her hands. They all are restless. One of them repeatedly requests Scotty to turn off the tape. There is sudden change in the atmosphere. It becomes dark outside and we see smoke coming out of the ground. This is an indication of something appalling that is going to take place. The playing of the tape enlivens the demons that are lying in slumber in those thick woods. And thus they rise up and start possessing the students one after the other with vengeance and kill them. Thus the story of the film is interesting and equally terrifying, which makes the audience shiver with terror. The effects of horror, which are the highlights of the movie, have been possible because of the use of innovative techniques of Cinematography by the renowned cinematographer, Tim Philo. These techniques have played a vital role in the creation of horror movies. Cinematography is a craft, which covers the technical aspects like - the gauge of the film (which ranges from 8 mm to 65mm or even more than that), the filters, focal length, lighting, camera movement, special effects etc. (Wikipedia), while shooting the motion pictures. Although such factors are considered in still photography, this craft was very creatively or innovatively used by the cinematographers for motion pictures. The film "Evil Dead" which was produced in 1981, was a chart buster and became a milestone in the world of horror films. Sam Raimi who was the director of this movie was trying is hand at creatin g something extraordinary. This urge of unique creation resulted in the movie, "Evil Dead". To make a horror film was not easy at that time when people were very fond of seeing romantic films or at the most murder mysteries. This was indeed a challenge and Sam Raimi did it in great style. This was a low budget movie and the cast and the crew had to face innumerable hurdles while shooting for the same. But ultimately it was made and it became a huge success. This film was unique in various ways. It was the first time that somebody had tried to experiment by using superhuman elements and by using animations and by experimenting with different aspects of cinematography. Cinematographer's creation is the mirror of thoughts or vision of the director. He works in a close association with the director, to bring out the aesthetics of the film to the surface and make it effective. He has to take care of the elements of color and light in accordance with the theme and the mood of the movie. As the name suggests, "Evil Dead" needed to have dark side to its creation. Only script, dialogues, makeup were not going to help. To create that feeling of horror in the audiences, it required

Mind and Consciousness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mind and Consciousness - Essay Example Syntactic knowledge is, to much an extent, dependent upon the system. The same action may have various commands with the change of the machine. â€Å"Also conventions can be a source of difficulties, for example using â€Å"S† for saving or for sending a file can produce confusing experiences† (Dursteler, 2011). Semantic knowledge, on the other hand, points towards the understanding of meanings that are not linked with particular experiences. It is the conscious recollection of knowledge about our surroundings and the whole world in the broader context irrespective of the context. For example, it is because of my semantic knowledge that I am able to differentiate between the meanings of individual words in language. The form and content of knowledge are two entirely different areas. Forms of knowledge can be classified into three types, namely the intellectual knowledge, knowledge of stats, and the knowledge of reality. Intellectual knowledge is an assemblage of facts which can be used to derive intellectual conclusions. Knowledge of states is basically emotionalism, in which an individual is occupied by extreme thoughts. The knowledge of reality enables a man to identify the ultimate truth. This form of knowledge is commonly retained by Sufis and spiritual people. The content of knowledge, on the other hand, is all that shapes an individual’s vision and opinion. The form of knowledge is more concerned with the state of mind whereas the content of knowledge is what is displayed in the form of knowledge. Machines have limited knowledge. When assessing machine intelligence, it must be ensured that the form of knowledge is consistent with the content of knowledge stored in it. Human brain and computer are so different structurally that they are almost incomparable (Scaruffi, 2001). The fundamental difference between thinking power, consciousness and knowledge of human intelligence and machine intelligence is the fact that the former is

Impact of Cinematography on the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact of Cinematography on the movie - Essay Example They find a very old ancient kind of a book having ghastly illustrations, a dagger, which is decked up like the skull of a human and reel-to-reel tape recorder. Initially they are very amused by seeing all this and they watch those things out of curiosity. They play the tape and start listening to it. The recorded message in the tape are the contents from "The Book of the Dead" dictated by the professor. It has the incantations, which have the power of resurrecting the dead and giving them the power of possessing the living beings. A series of terrifying incidents start taking place the moment the students play the tape recorder. We come to know about the impending danger from the body language of the characters. One of the female characters holds the hands of her boyfriend and the covers her ears with her hands. They all are restless. One of them repeatedly requests Scotty to turn off the tape. There is sudden change in the atmosphere. It becomes dark outside and we see smoke coming out of the ground. This is an indication of something appalling that is going to take place. The playing of the tape enlivens the demons that are lying in slumber in those thick woods. And thus they rise up and start possessing the students one after the other with vengeance and kill them. Thus the story of the film is interesting and equally terrifying, which makes the audience shiver with terror. The effects of horror, which are the highlights of the movie, have been possible because of the use of innovative techniques of Cinematography by the renowned cinematographer, Tim Philo. These techniques have played a vital role in the creation of horror movies. Cinematography is a craft, which covers the technical aspects like - the gauge of the film (which ranges from 8 mm to 65mm or even more than that), the filters, focal length, lighting, camera movement, special effects etc. (Wikipedia), while shooting the motion pictures. Although such factors are considered in still photography, this craft was very creatively or innovatively used by the cinematographers for motion pictures. The film "Evil Dead" which was produced in 1981, was a chart buster and became a milestone in the world of horror films. Sam Raimi who was the director of this movie was trying is hand at creatin g something extraordinary. This urge of unique creation resulted in the movie, "Evil Dead". To make a horror film was not easy at that time when people were very fond of seeing romantic films or at the most murder mysteries. This was indeed a challenge and Sam Raimi did it in great style. This was a low budget movie and the cast and the crew had to face innumerable hurdles while shooting for the same. But ultimately it was made and it became a huge success. This film was unique in various ways. It was the first time that somebody had tried to experiment by using superhuman elements and by using animations and by experimenting with different aspects of cinematography. Cinematographer's creation is the mirror of thoughts or vision of the director. He works in a close association with the director, to bring out the aesthetics of the film to the surface and make it effective. He has to take care of the elements of color and light in accordance with the theme and the mood of the movie. As the name suggests, "Evil Dead" needed to have dark side to its creation. Only script, dialogues, makeup were not going to help. To create that feeling of horror in the audiences, it required

Sony Corporation Essay Example for Free

Sony Corporation Essay From the time high definition televisions (HDTV) made its appearance into the market in the year 1998 the demand for high capacity storage DVD has increased. Regular DVDs turned out to be insufficient for this application. DVDs support resolutions up to 720480 pixels whereas HDTV will work with the resolution of 19201080 pixel format. The above definition approximately means that to run a two hour video on a HDTV requires storage capacities of 22GB where as the maximum capacity of the DVDs that are available in the market are 17GB. This has led for the development of the DVD with higher storage capabilities suitable for HDTVs. This development ultimately resulted in two DVD formats with huge storage capability, one from Sony Corporation called as Blu Rays and other from Toshiba called as HD-DVD with the support from their technology partners. Evolution of Blu Rays: Sony started two new rewritable disc storage systems: ultra density optical UDO and DVR Blue. The first DVR Blue prototype was released in the October 2000 CEATEC exhibition. In February 2002 the project was officially announced as Blu-Ray Disc(or simply BD) and Blue Ray Disc Association was founded with initial nine members at consortium made by the companies that include Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson. HD-DVD, on the other hand, was created by Toshiba and got support from Microsoft, HP and Intel. The regular DVDs use red laser (wavelength of 650nm) to read and write whereas blu-ray uses a blue-purple laser to read and write data. As the wavelength is smaller for Blue –purple laser (450nm) this allows for a higher recording density. While recording the blue-purple laser is used to burn pits on the disc surface. The areas that weren’t burnt are known as lands. While reading blue-purple laser with lower intensity is thrown on the disc. When a pit is encountered the light is reflected with a lower intensity compared to the land. This is how a Blu-ray detects pits and lands. The physical dimensions of the Blu-ray are same as the regular DVD. This is from the blue laser that is used the named Blu-Ray has been derived. On April 10th 2003 the first Blu-Ray devices were released. It was Sony BDZ-S77 a BD RE recorder which was made available only in Japan. The physical dimensions were finalized only ion 2004. In the year 2005 TDK made an announcement that a polymer coating has been developed for the Blu-Ray discs. BD-ROM specifications were finalized in the year 2006. In the year 2004, a consortium is formed which has been developing the DRM platform that is used to securely distribute movies to customers. The first BD-ROM players were released in June 2006. Blu-Rays titles were first released on June 20, 2006. Initial releases used MPEG-2 video compression similar to DVDs. September 2006 viewed first release of newer VC-1 and AVC codec. First movies using dual layer discs which have storage capacity of 50GHz was released in October 2006. The first mass market for Blu-ray Disc was seen in July 18 2006. The prices are as large around US$699. The Table below shows the Physical dimensions and storage capacity of the BD in comparison with the regular DVD. Competition from HD DVD: A forum was set up in the year 1995 for the exchange of hardware and software updates of the regular DVD. From the initial stage of the development of blue laser DVD committee has different opinions. In August 2002, Toshiba and NEC made an announcement about their competing standard advanced optical devices. DVD forum finally adapted it and the next year it was renamed as HD DVD. There was though competition between the Blu-Ray and HD DVD. The support from the technology partners from both the sides increased the competition among Blu-Ray and HD DVD. Both Blu-ray and HD DVD have same physical dimensions their storage capabilities and other supporting differences are listed in the tables below. Blu-Ray HD DVD ROM single layer: 23. 3/25GB ROM dual layer: 46. 6/50GB RW single layer: 23. 3/25/27GB RW dual layer: 46. 6/50/54GB Highest test: 100GB Theoretical limit: 200GB Single layer: Dual layer: Highest test: Theoretical limit: 15GB 30GB 45GB 60GB 15GB 30GB 45GB 60GB Table-1 Comparison of the capacity of Blu-rays and HD DVD Attempts were made to avoid the confusion over the format between Blu-ray and HDDVD in the year 2005. Blu Ray supporters opted for Java Based platform for interactivity where as HD DVD opted for Microsoft’s HDi. In august 2005 they both disagreed for a common format and the negotiations failed. And by the end of September Microsoft and Intel announced their support to HD DVD. In March 2005 Toshiba released the first HD DVD player months in advance than Blu- Ray. It made its appearance in US market in April 2005 at US$499. The price is small compared to that of the Blu-Ray so as the storage capacity. The difference between Blu-Ray and HD DVD is shown in the table below (Tab-1) and the technology partners of each format are shown in Fig-II.

Shylock ways of Expressing Conflicts

Shylock ways of Expressing Conflicts The Merchant of Venice has an Italian setting and marriage plot; this is very typical of Shakespeare whose love for Italy is evident in most of his play. In Merchant of Venice Shakespeares remarkable rogue Shylock raises this play to a new level. The play was written in 1598 and reflects religious activities in the 16th century. This play defines two main settings, Venice, a city of trade where many businessmen are located, a place filled with unfortunate and unpleasant individuals; the other setting is Belmont, a city where rich, happy and stylish society of beautiful people is housed. Belmont is an enchanted world occupied with love, music and happiness. In Act 1 Scene 3, the audience expects Antonio and Shylock to immediately odium each other before they meet in the play. This is because in the Elizabethan era Jews were commonly disliked by Christian nations throughout the 16th century, as Christians believed that in biblical history Jews were the people that killed Jesus Christ (Christian messiah). Jews suffered harsh persecution over the centuries, including torture, loss of property, and forced conversion to Christianity. England expelled all Jews about 300 years earlier to William Shakespeares time, much of what remained of them were tales filled with anti-Semitic response ranging from exaggeration to complete lies, which portrayed them as vile, evil and despicable. Jews in Elizabethan times were not viewed as citizens. Instead, they were viewed as outsiders, and were often banned from many occupations because of their religion. This helped the audience understand the conflict that exists between Shylock and Antonio. Jews were l eft with few means of earning a living as only Christians could belong to professional relations as well as own land . Christians, however, could not lend money with interest, and many Jews earned a profitable living as usurers. We know Shylock is a Jew since the narration specifies that hes a Jew Enter Bassanio with Shylock the Jew. Shakespeare puts an emphasis on Shylock the Jew since he doesnt state the religion of the other characters. The audience are introduced to Shylock as a greedy man because the first thing he said was about money Three thousand ducats, well. Shylock describes Antonio as a good man, even though some people might think it means Antonio is kind and generous but to Shylock this means that Antonio has enough money to repay him. It is made clear from the way Shylock is introduced that he is hatching a cunning plan from the start because Shakespeare specifies that Shylock is a Jew but for the other characters he doesnt state their religion. The audience begin to think Shylock is devious and has something up his sleeves. and then there is the perils of the waters, winds and rocks. The man is notwithstanding sufficient. I think I might take this bond. Even though Shylock knows that Antonios ships will be destroyed (all Antonios money is invested in his ships) he still goes ahead to lend him the money. Bassanio invites Shylock to dine with them If it please you to dine with me, Shylock denies saying I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you. This indicates that even though Shylock will do business with Antonio and Bassanio he will not eat, drink or pray with the. It also shows the religious differences that set Shylock apart from the Christian Venetians. Shakespeare presents Shylock this way so that the audiences hatred would be focused in the direction of Shylock. Shakespeare, while describing the Jewish moneylender Shylock according to stereotypes, fills Shylock with humanity and produces sympathy for the troubles of the Jews. On the other hand, an Elizabethan audience wont show sympathy towards Shylock as they are anti-Semitic to Jews. Just before Shylock speaks to Antonio, he lets the audience know in aside that he hates Antonio I hate him for he is a Christian. This phrase said by Shylock is based on the beliefs of other Jews on other Christians; it helps the audience to know the conflict that exists between Shylock and Antonio. The phrase also shows how stereotypical Shylock is since he doesnt really know Antonio, but because Shylock has heard of Jew-hating Christians he thinks that he too should hate Christians since all of them hate Jews. Shylock distastes Antonio because he lends out money gratis free of interest, so reducing the interest rates for people who make live as moneylenders such as Shylock and for having disgraced him in public by spitting on him and calling him names such as dog and cutthroat Jew. For humiliation as well as the persecution that the Jews have long suffered at the hands of the Christians, Shylock tells the audience that he hopes to exact vengeance on Antonio. If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him.He hates our sacred nation . . . Cursd be my tribe if I forgive him! Shylock reveals to the audience that hes prejudice against Christians and he also explains to the audience how Shylock himself has experienced anti-Semitic discrimination. Both Shylock and Antonios ideas are connected around the ideas of business. Antonio the Christian believes that usury is wrong so should not be practiced, whereas Shylock the Jew who is forbidden to try any other profession decided to use usury (lending money for interest) as a way to make a living and identify themselves in the Venetian society. If I forgive him!Shylocks quote in Act 1 Scene 3 line 36-47 tells the audience that Shylock is as concerned with money as religion, and possibly even more so. Shylock uses his money to get back at Antonio so he can feed his personal grudge against him. He views the lending as an opportunity to stick it to Christians for all the troubles and sufferings they have caused the Jews. The money lending is a battle between the two men as well as their religions. Shylock and Antonio can be considered substitute for their religious issues. But money is their way of throwing in personal accusations while fighting the religious fight. Shylock is told by Antonio that normally he wouldnt take part in a deal involving interest but because his friend is in need of the money he will break his custom. Their greeting has made an ironic suggestion to the audience, which was Shylocks hateful opinion towards Antonio I hate him for he is a Christian. Shylock decides to loan Bassanio the money he needs. Shylock recites the Biblical story of Jacob to defend his practice of charging interest. Shylock shows the personal and religious differences between his religion and Christianity by reciting the Book of Genesis. As it is unnatural to gain/make money from money Christians believe usury is dissolute. But Shylocks defends his use of usury by interpreting and stating the Bible saying that him charging interest for the money he lends is not very different from Jacobs breeding of the animals in the bible. Jacobs breeding by the Christian law is believed to be natural. The Hebrew will turn Christian; he grows kind. As Antonio thinks that Jews arent kind and cant be kind unless theyre Christians. He witnesses Shylock, the Hebrew, become kind by lending him money and so believes thats impossible. Since Shylock is being generous by lending Antonio money, Antonio takes it as Shylock being Christianised as hes being nice. This quotation tells the audience how Antonio considers his religion superior to Judaism. The previous quotation I hate him for he is Christian illustrated how Shylock was stereotypical about Christians. There are similar beliefs in the religions of both characters. The exchange in words between Shylock and Antonio prepares the audience for what is going to happen next. Antonio has publicly abused Shylock many times on different occasions and even spat on upon Shylocks clothing spit upon my Jewish gabardine Shylocks asks Antonio why he should lend him money as he would a friend when all he has done nothing but insult and humiliate him. Angry with fury Antonio insults Shylock again. Shylock doesnt want to pretend he is friends with Antonio so he says If thou wilt lend this money, lend it not as to thy friends But lend it rather to thine enemy. Shylock then unexpectedly suggests an unusual deal. He informs Antonio that this time he will lend money without charging interest. Nevertheless, Shylock will be allowed to cut off one pound of Antonios flesh from any part of his body if Antonio is unable to pay Shylock. The bond Shylock makes is a very confusing and unexpected one so it makes it complicated for the audience to understand his reason(s) for suggesting such a bond. Shylock is adopting the Christians stated business and directing them towards an a trocious end by trading flesh instead of making money breed by usury; this mocks the principles of Christianity. Antonio is told by Shylock that he wants to be companions with him and will settle the bond for a pound of flesh as a merry sport. Antonio agrees Yes Shylock, I will seal unto this bond to Shylocks bond despite Bassanios nervousness You shall not seal to such a bond for me about binding his friend to such a dangerous bond. Bassanio shows some sense of right and wrong about putting his greed before his friend, for the first time as he realises that by being greedy he has caused his friend to agree to put a price on his pound of flesh, this leads Antonio right into Shylocks trap. By signing the contract Antonio agrees to be bond. Act 1 Scene 3 is an important scene because it completes the description of the two different and main plot lines of the play: Antonio agreeing to Shylocks bond which is the three thousand ducats Antonio wants to lend for the pound of flesh that Shylock wants instead of charging Antonio interest; and second, and more dramatically, this scene introduces Shylock the Jew. In this scene, Shakespeare gives as an insight to why and how Shylock seems to be the most powerful character in the play. Even though Shylock and Antonio both have different manners and capabilities both characters are successful businessmen in Venice. When Antonio is asking Shylock for the loan he says, Within these two months, thats a month before this bond expires, I do expect, return of thrice times the value of this bond.. Shylock being a selfish businessman asks for three times the value of the loan. Antonio being a risk taker lends his good name to Bassanio to woo Portia. Antonio thinks things will be always go right for him, his business and his success will endure, this is revealed when he accepts a dangerous bond and the high interest rate if the money isnt received. Shylock is a wicked man who wants a pound of Antonios flesh if his money is not paid back, whereas, Antonio is prepared to risk his life for his friend who happens to be in love with the wealthy, intelligent and beautiful Portia- Antonios sacrifice for his friend shows how different he is from Shylock. The Jewish old testaments states an eye for an eye which means that if someone wrongs you, seek revenge, on the other hand the Christians New Testament gives us Jesus message of peace, love and forgiveness forgive and forget. The play shows how Christians and Jews used to treat each in the 16th century. We dont deal with the same issues like greed, prejudice, hatred and revenge Jews and Christians showed towards each other because in todays society everyone is equal. I feel that the scene is a very complicated scene as it explains how Christians and Jews acted towards each other in Shakespearean time as well as how Shylock tricked Antonio into accepting a dangerous bond. I feel that both views of Jews and Christians are wrong since Im sure not all Jews and Christians acted how Antonio and Shylock did in Shakespeare time. I think the play is somewhat related to the persecution of Jews in World War as well as the killings of the genocide. Even though Shylock was represented as such an extremist by Elizabethan audience/Shakespeare, he wouldnt be represented as such by a modern audience.

Canadian Birds :: essays papers

Canadian Birds The Branta Canadensis, better known as the Canada Goose is a magnificent bird which can be found all over North America. People from all over North America look towards the sky when the Canada Geese go honking overhead in their trademark "V" formation, and because they nest all over Canada and some of the United States many people have a chance to witness the birds migration to the nesting grounds and back to the wintering grounds. The Canada Goose is respected by so many of us because of it's dignity and courage and refusal to give up. Over the years the Canada Goose has picked up many slang names, some of these are: Canadian Goose, Canadian Honker, Honker, Honker Goose, Big Honker, Old Honker, Boy Goose, Bernache (French for Barnacle Goose), Big Mexican Goose, Blackee, Blacknecked Goose, Brant, French Goose, Northern Goose, Reef Goose, Ringneck, Wavy, and White-cheeked Goose (Wormer). The Canada Goose has excellent eyesight which makes it difficult to hunt because the Goose can see the hunter well before the hunter ever sees the goose (Wormer). This eyesight is essential for flying though, a Canada Goose can see three quarters of a sphere without moving its head (Wormer). The Canada Goose also has an acute sense of hearing, it's ears are positioned on the side of it's head (Wormer). They have either no sense of smell or a very poor one, but this does not impede the goose in any way (Wormer). Although there is a large variation in size all subspecies of Canada Geese look the same physically (Wormer) The male and female Canada Goose look almost exactly the same except the female can usually be recognized because it is smaller and less aggressive (Wormer). Colors also vary but, the color pattern is generally the same for all the subspecies (Godfrey). The head and neck are dark black with a large white patch on each cheek which meet under the chin, this is the Canada Goose's most easily recognized characteristic because it is unique to the Canada Goose (Wormer). The upper parts of the body as well as the wings are greyish brown, the feathers tipped with brownish white (Godfrey). The tail is black with the upper tail coverts white and the under tail coverts are white also (Godfrey). The under body is brownish grey with paler feather tips, the sides being the darkest and the lower belly is white (Godfrey).

Essay --

Should Marijuana be legalized ? In all honesty, should it be? Ask yourself again. How is alcohol legal. Marijuana is much safer and has medicinal use capability . According to Cbsnews.com, in a recent poll in the New England Journal of Medicine, 76% of doctors approve Marijuana for medical use. 1446 doctors asked in 72 total countries. Why is marijuana so widely supported? Because it’s medical capabilities are legit. (I’ll address medical capabilities below) Alcohol totally impairs you and and causes your frontal lobes to malfunction. Its stupid, alcohol, which is actually dangerous is legal and people are still killing themselves under the influence, but Marijuana is good for you yet illegal? It seems as if the government is trying to kill us with such a thing being legal (I don’t drink or smoke so this isn’t biased) . Besides, who really cares? --> If â€Å"potheads† want to smoke, why not just let them smoke? Prisons are for criminals and not for people who smoke a plant that makes them happy. A significant aspect of this controversy is that freedom is being seized. In 2007, arrests for Marijuana alone totalled up to 775,138, dramatically surpassing arrests for all violent crime combined. That’s just ridiculous. People should not be getting incarcerated for smoking a plant that is beneficial to health. Most people just smoke it to reduce stress. Weed smokers are not criminals; rapists, killers, and thieves are criminals. Seriously people, prisons are being flooded. Sticking someone in prison isn’t something that’s cheap. According to Ministry of Justice, the cost of keeping someone in prison is roughly $25,000 a year. These people can’t get jobs, in many states, possession of Marijuana can be ruled a misdemeanor or a felony. A ... ...mount of our population suffers from at least one of these conditions. Moreover, non-cannabis supporters’ strongest argument is the abuse of the plant. The opposition’s argument states that Marijuana is addictive, but recent studies by a professor at the University of Cambridge in England named Leslie L. Iverson, who also wrote a book called â€Å"The Science Of Marijuana†, show that only 9% of Marijuana users develop serious dependency of the plant. Those are overwhelming statistics for anyone trying to keep the plant illegal. In conclusion, Marijuana should definitely be decriminalized. It benefits human health, it will boost the economy if taxed, it will massively reduce the profit of international crime gangs, it will bring down the ever so high crime rate, and will result in prisons not being packed with people who don’t belong there. Support Marijuana legalization!

My Best Friend Essay

â€Å"Don’t walk in front of me, I may not follow; don’t walk behind me, I may not lead; Just walk beside me, and be my friend†. I’m going to describe someone who means the world to me and also has a huge impact in my life. I have one such good friend who walks beside me and who extends her hand, when I am about to slip and fall. She is my greatest asset in life, which I treasure more than anything else in this world. She is my best friend. My best friend is Mahliet Mersha. We come from the same neighborhood. Our houses are situated close to each other’s. Both Mahliet and I are of same age and belong to more or less same economic background. In fact, what has cemented our friendship deep is that our families have been close to each other for a long time. My father and Mahliet’s father were good friends back in Ethiopia. Another reason, which probably helped us to become good friends, is that we have grown together. We have spent our childhood days playing, fighting, learning, and enjoying together. Mahliet and I generally go to school together but I will be leaving Mahliet because it’s going to be my final year. Mahliet has many excellent qualities of heart and mind. Her simplicity, smartness, neatness, intelligence, straightforwardness, cool temperament, pleasant behavior, gentle ways, dutifulness, etc. have made her one of the most liked and popular students in the school. Mahliet’s sweet temperament is her greatest quality. She never hurts others or speaks ill of others. She has an amazing personality. She also helps me more than anybody. She tries to do all she can to make me come up to her level. She never goes to any movies or party without me. I do the same for her. My best friend has been through a lot she is currently living with me sometimes and also living with my other friend Helen. I’ve helped Mahliet from day one; she was having problems at home and not living a healthy life. Whenever I am sick, she is the first to come and see me. There is no function in my home without her presence. All these have combined to make our friendship deep and lasting. The best trait that I admire and like most in my friend is her disciplined life. She gets up on time, does her homework always, attends school regularly, respects her teachers and elders and never indulges in unhealthy ways such as, smoking, taking alcohol, idling away time, skipping classes etc. Her principle of ‘duty first- enjoyment second’ is something that I find difficult to follow, yet try to imitate. She corrects me whenever I commit any mistake. For me she is a source of inspiration, support and also a role model to imitate. I am ever grateful to the almighty for having given me such a good friend. I cherish it as my greatest treasure. I am sure our friendship will grow deeper and deeper in the years to come. I wish everyone had such friends in life. I know I can always count on Mahliet whenever I need her and she also feels the same way. My best friend brings joy to me.

Preventing Alzheimers Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Alzheimer ‘s disease is a disease named after Alois Alzheimer who foremost described it in 1906. It is besides known as Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type or Alzheimer ‘s and is the most common signifier of Dementia. It is an incurable, degenerative and terminal disease and is normally diagnosed in people of over 65 old ages of age, nevertheless, there are hints of its oncoming in much earlier ages ( Wegesin & A ; Stern, 2004, p.646 ) .The 2006 statistics indicated that 26.6 million people suffered from this disease universe. The common symptoms for this disease are thought to be age related concerns or emphasis manifestations. The disease is characterized by memory loss, such as trouble in retrieving late learned facts in earlier phases and confusion, temper swings, linguistic communication dislocation, crossness and aggression and general backdown in the advanced phases. The causal effects for this disease are still unknown with fingers indicating to plaques and tangles in the encephalon. Most interventions available for this disease offer diagnostic benefit but fail to turn to the hold or patterned advance of the disease. Since it ‘s incurable and degenerative, the direction of patients is indispensable. The disease is known to put a great load on health professionals who experience psychological, economic, societal and physical force per unit areas while taking attention of sick person ‘s of this disease. This disease is one of the most dearly-won diseases in the developed universe. GuideAge Study: Test of EGb 761 for bar of Alzheimer ‘s disease among the aged with memory ailments. The primary aim of the survey was to find the consequence of EGb761 in intervention on the rate of transition from memory ailments to Alzheimer ‘s disease utilizing survival analysis. The chief marks for this survey were ambulatory patients aged 70 old ages who exhibited memory ailments during a GP or memory centre audience. Those with nonsubjective memory damage or clinically relevant symptoms of anxiousness and depression were nevertheless excluded. Participants were so required to do one-year visits to a memory centre where a series of neuropsychological trials were conducted to measure the cognitive map and cognitive position. The functional position was evaluated with the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire ( Andrieu et. al. , 2008, p.406 ) . The survey recognized that primary and secondary bar schemes are desperately needed for Alzheimer ‘s disease as its prevalence continues to lift in industrialised states, with statistics demoing that it has presently affected over 24 million people worldwide. There is besides a high load associate with this disease. The schemes have ab initio proved to be effectual in cut downing mortality, morbidity, and wellness attention costs. Available interventions better cognitive symptoms and estrogen or satin related interventions are secondary bar schemes for Alzheimer ‘s disease ( Wegesin & A ; Stern, 2004, pp.647-648 ) . The basic scientific discipline and clinical informations indicate that estrogen therapy permeates healthy nerve cells with a survival advantage when challenged with a neuro-toxic agent. Greater benefit would hence be predicted if estrogen therapy is begun while nerve cells are still healthy and non biologically compromised ( p.650 ) . The estrogen advantage to healthy nerve cells provides plausible account for why estrogen can be good in forestalling neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer ‘s ( Brinton, 2004, p.419 ) . In add-on, in the intervention of AD, randomized placebo-controlled surveies have provided grounds of efficaciousness. The survey was spread out in a five twelvemonth program, and the primary aim was to find the consequence of intervention with EGb 761 on the rate of transition from memory ailments to dementia of Alzheimer type utilizing survival analysis. The survey design: incorporated a web of doctors to enroll topics ; the eligibility standard was validated in one of 25 mention memory centres. Coordination was by the infirmary mention centre located in Toulouse France ( Andrieu et. al. , 2008, p.407 ) . Age, residential location of patients, mean socio-cultural and instruction degrees, and self-generated coverage of memory ailments were the chief considerations for patient eligibility. Ocular sharp-sightedness and presence of drusen, unnatural pigmentary epithelial tissue and vascularization were considered in the diagnostic standards for age related muscular devolution. Apolipoprotein E, a genotypic determiner for intervention response was taken from blood samples while urine samples were taken to find isoprostan, a possible biochemical alternate marker of result. Spontaneously reported inauspicious effects were recorded for safety rating intents ( p.407 ) . In the intervention procedure, topics were randomized at the proof visit by having EGb 761 or a duplicate placebo. Blinding was ensured by indistinguishable visual aspect of placebo and active drug while colour marker was ensured by utilizing a brown pigment. Behavioral appraisal was through the disposal of neuropsychological trials for appraisal of cognitive map ; the cognitive position was besides evaluated blending MMS and CDR ; Functional position was evaluated utilizing the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire. Other appraisals involved balance perturbations, assessed by finding one ‘s ability to stand on one leg, posturography and diagnostic standards for sarcopenia ( pp.407-409 ) . Outcome steps entailed independent adjudication by four clinicians non connected to the survey to determine unvarying instance consequences. Changes in CDR dementedness tonss and alterations in public presentation on neuropsychological trials were considered in the secondary result steps. The study described the cognitive map and disablement in a population composed of 2854 patients who complained of memory jobs. These patients were younger and better educated with high MMSE tonss and longer continuances of memory ailments. Primary attention was the chief context of the survey. Patients who exhibited dementedness, anxiousness and depression symptoms were besides excluded from the survey so as to enrich the survey sample in patients whose memory ailments were related to underlying cognitive troubles other than emotional influences. From the screened population, over 60 per centum scored 0.5 or more on the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale therefore a comparative grade of cognitive damage was recognized. This hence supported old findings where bulk of patients reported ailments in the general population therefore grounds of convergence between aged patients with subjective memory ailments and those with nonsubjective steps of cognitive damage ( p.410 ) . The consequences hence imply that many aged individuals with cognitive damage are undiagnosed within the community and that a pro active attitude from practicians would assist place such people and pave manner for proviso of appropriate attention. CDR would besides be concluded as a sensitive agencies of observing cognitive damage amongst the aged. TheGuideAge is an of import and advanced tool for bar of AD in Europe. A recent survey provided grounds of Gingko biloba infusion effectivity in forestalling cognitive diminution in aged individuals. To farther find the efficaciousness of Gingko biloba, the GuideAge survey provided the needed informations from a big figure of topics. It would besides be effectual analyzing the development of cognitive map and see hazard factors as forecasters of transition from memory ailments to AD in the population. From this analysis hence, it can be concluded that preventative steps for AD are executable owing to the ability to obtain informations every bit good as initiate drug usage in a big sample of the population. Preventing Alzheimer ‘s disease: fact or fiction The prevalence is Alzheimer ‘s disease is significantly increasing in the United States. Presently, the population of those with this disease stands at 4.5 million with an estimated addition of between 11 and 16 million in the following 50 old ages. In add-on, explosive alterations in engineering would ensue in a great challenge in reflecting the mildest signifiers of cognitive shortage. The starchlike plaque in the encephalon remains the trademark pathology of Alzheimer ‘s disease and the amyloid cascade, provides marks for intercessions. The chief purpose of the intercessions is to cut down harm ensuing from starchlike plaque load ( Grossman & A ; Dyk. , 2008, p.887 ) . Significant positive attacks have been made, polar to the designation of diagnostic intervention of Alzheimer ‘s disease and the designation of conditions associated with increased intervention hazards. The success of true bar is nevertheless considered every bit fabricated as there is less informations to back up the claim that the aforesaid hazards cut down the incidences of AD. Several advantages can be drawn from concentrating on the bar of the disease ; foremost, it would spread out the period of high quality of life in aging populations, a hold of oncoming of the disease by one twelvemonth would significantly cut down its prevalence rate, and costs associated with the disease would be minimized ( Grossman & A ; Dyk, 2008, p.888 ) . Despite advancement in the decrease of the disease, bar schemes are still in the grapevine. Medical intercessions for this disease are characterized as primary, secondary and third. Primary: focal point on disease bar ; secondary: on decrease in morbidity in preclinical persons: and third, on remedy, palliation and rehabilitation. Grossman & A ; Dyk ( 2008 ) acknowledge that current therapies for Alzheimer ‘s disease do be. Tacrine was approved in 1993 by the US FDA as the first intervention for AD. The bureau besides introduced donepezil, rivastigime and galantamine as other intervention drugs. They further discourse that primary bar refers to the bar of disease in an unselected population tests to this demand to inscribe a big figure of topics with few exclusion standards and infuse simple cheap ratings of results, with long observation and monitoring periods. The length of clip for bar tests and topics ‘ registration, consequence into high disbursals therefore a substi tution of the bar test, the ‘add on ‘ protocol permits the ratings of multiple spheres in a individual clinical test cohort ( p.900 ) . Both primary and secondary bar tests require careful attending to safety. The agents selected for bar surveies are often referred to as ‘neuroprotective. ‘ A term used to distinguish agents expected to cut down cognitive diminution instead than alleviation of symptoms. Preventive mechanisms purpose at cut downing starchlike plaque by changing metamorphosiss or protecting cells from starchlike toxicity. These mechanisms are largely proposed based on research lab and carnal surveies as few markers of biological mechanisms available in worlds exist. Several categories of agents with encouraging consequences have been tested. These are clearly discussed below. First of all, lipid-lowering medicines, the HMG-CoA reductase are known to impact greatly on knowledge, dementedness and Alzheimer ‘s disease by cut downing cholesterin degrees in the organic structure of worlds ( Sparks et. al. , 2008, p.418 ) . Second, tramiprosate, a 3-amino-1-propanasulfonic acid ab initio developed as a pharmaceutical intervention was examined in a two phased survey of 58 patients with mild to chair Alzheimer ‘s disease over three months. Patients having tramiprosate experienced a decrease in Alzheimer ‘s. Neurochem subsequently reported that tramiprosate would be used as a nutraceutical. Third, immunotherapy initiated by utilizing filaments for the development of Alzheimer ‘s vaccinum was addressed in Schenk ‘s 1999 study as an option for regressing starchlike plaque. There was grounds of a patient showing clearance of AI? hint sedimentations from their cerebral mantle, and a significant microglial response. It was further conclude d that supplanting of AI? , even when embedded in plaques, is possible in worlds when immunotherapeutic techniques are used. Third, is the usage of enzyme inhibitors. Amyloid plaque remains a trademark pathology for Alzheimer ‘s with the amyloid cascade supplying marks for intercessions to assail implicit in mechanisms. Therefore, intercessions to cut down the amyloid plaque load are widely proposed. Furthermore, the control of high blood pressure is grounds associated with decreased hazard of cognitive damage and dementedness, features of Alzheimer ‘s. Some surveies have shown that effectual control of high blood pressure is associated with cognitive benefit. Hormone replacing schemes are besides seen as good mechanisms for the bar of Alzheimer ‘s. There is an feeling that estrogen may be good in keeping cognitive map and detaining dementedness. The benefit of estrogen accrues from the fact that the endocrine acts as a neurotrophin in the pyramidal cells of the CAI part which is known to devolve in Alzheimer's.Astrogen protects the hippocampal nerve cells therefore reduces nervous AI? coevals. Antioxidative schemes on the other manus employ the fact that oxidative emphasis plays a important function in aging and Alzheimer ‘s disease. The usage of antioxidants such as Vitamin C and E is associated with the decrease of hazard of dementedness. Nutritional supplementation, considers that dietetic and nutritionary addendums have an consequence on the hazard of Alzheimer ‘s. From several surveies conducted, the usage of Ginkgo biloba, a herbal addendum indicated an betterment in knowledge. Another clinical test on Salvia officinalis was studied for its possible benefit on knowledge in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer ‘s. Significant benefits were discernible between the end point and baseline tonss on cognitive steps of the intervention group compared with the placebo group ( Doraiswamy, 2002, p.816 ) . Last, nonpharmacological intercessions such as physical exercising are observed as options to protect the aged from cognitive diminution. A Meta analysis conducted reported benefits from physical exercising on functional public presentation, behaviour and knowledge steps in patients with cognitive damage and dementedness. The execution of Cognitive Motor Interventions on 38 patients in one twelvemonth which involved cognitive exercising, societal and psychomotor activities indicated an betterment in temper and subsequent tonss against a control group ( Kreil et. al. , 2010, p.17 ) . Alzheimer ‘s disease is a common wellness concern amongst the aged. While effectual intervention is available, the bar mechanisms are non yet good understood. Cholesterol lowering, other cardiovascular hazard decrease, starchlike metamorphosis and antioxidant mechanisms every bit good as environmental sweetenings have proved as plausible bar options ( Doraiswamy, 2002, p.818 ) . Evidence-based Approaches to Preventing Alzheimer ‘s disease. Non modifiable hazard factors for Alzheimer ‘s include: Age ; this remains as the strongest hazard factor for dementedness, peculiarly for Alzheimer ‘s. The hazard doubles every five old ages in persons above 65 old ages. The hazard nevertheless increases by stopping point to 50 % after 85 old ages. Family history ; hints of Alzheimer ‘s in households ‘ histories for 5 % or less of instances. Hereditary or environmental factors related to households are major influences of this disease. Familial factors ; early Alzheimer happening before 65 old ages histories for 6-7 % of all Alzheimer's.13 % of these clearly exhibit autosomal dominant transmittal over more than one generation.30-70 % of mutants are in presenilin-1 cistron, 10-15 % are in the amyloid precursor protein cistron, and less than 5 % are in the presenilin-2 cistron ( Bassil & A ; Grossberg, 2009, p.30 ) . Modifiable hazard factors on the other manus include cardiovascular hazard factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, lipemia, intoxicant, depression, metabolic syndrome, smoking among others ( Bassil & A ; Grossberg, 2009, p.31 ) . From surveies conducted, the consumption of lipid-lowering medicines indicated a decrease in dementedness ( Sparks, 2008, p.419 ) . Other possible helpful agents to forestall Alzheimer ‘s include: Antioxidant vitamins, the encephalons of Alzheimer ‘s patients contain lesions typically associated with free extremist exposure every bit good as elevated degrees of endogenous antioxidants. Antioxidants cut down the toxicity of AI? in encephalon surveies of Alzheimer patients. This therefore laid a footing for the appraisal of the function of antioxidants such as vitamins E and C and curcumin for the bar of Alzheimer ‘s. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, anti- amyloid and antioxidant belongingss and is every bit a promising agent i n the bar of Alzheimer ‘s from the ascertained informations ( Bassil & A ; Grossberg, 2009, p.32 ) . Fish and Omega-3 fatty acids. Surveies have shown that consumption of concentrated fat, entire fat and entire cholesterin addition the hazard of dementedness. Reduced degree of Omega 3 fatty acids has been linked to increased hazard of dementedness therefore high fish ingestion would change by reversal the tendency in hazards related to dementia and cognitive diminution ( p.33 ) . Consequences form a community based survey affecting nondementaited persons indicated that attachment to a traditional Mediterranean diet was associated with important decrease in the hazard of incidents related to Alzheimer ‘s disease. Fruits and veggies are besides associated with improved cognitive public presentation in aged individuals. Fruits are particularly linked to decrease in dementedness. Some surveies have nevertheless associated high ingestion of veggies with decrease in cognitive diminution ( p.34 ) . Datas on intoxicant usage and cognitive map in the aged draws assorted consequences. The complexness in these consequences is brought approximately by the dose and type of intoxicant taken. The moderate ingestion of vino is associated with decreased hazard of dementedness and Alzheimer ‘s disease. On the other manus, high ingestion of intoxicant which consequences in alcohol addiction may take to cognitive diminution ( p.34 ) . A randomised controlled test late showed that moderate sums of intoxicant may detain age- associated cognitive diminution. Others include ; caffeine consumption, endocrine therapy, NonSteroid Anti-Inflammatory Drug ( NSAID ) therapy and homocysteine ( Ho et. al. , 2008, pp.86-88 ) . From this information it can be concluded that, dementedness is the consequence of a set of implicit in pathological procedures, some which are preventable. Familial factors, age and household history are disclosed as the major non-modified hazard factors while modified hazard factors range from alcohol addiction, high blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus to depression. All this contribute to the development of Alzheimer ‘s and plausible preventative solutions are hence obtained from these jobs. In add-on, familial exposure is seen to modify most of the hazards associated with Alzheimer ‘s. Although there is deficient grounds to cement primary bar recommendations on dementedness, doctors may recommend taking actions such as take downing cholesterin, blood force per unit area and homocysteine degrees and commanding diabetes. Three constituents of life style, that is, societal, mental and physical are associated with a brilliant decrease in the hazard of dementedness, and Alzheimer ‘s disease. Population based longitudinal surveies have supported the hypothesis that societal, cognitive and physical activity are reciprocally associated with the hazard of dementedness, Alzheimer ‘s disease and cognitive damage. Physical exercising has been thought to heighten encephalon neurtotrophic factors and modify programmed cell death. Dementia is lowered by continuing musculuss mass every bit good as forestalling falls and attendant caput injury ( Kreil et. al. , 2010, pp.18-19 ) . Evidence further shows that exercising can continue optimum cardiovascular map, better regional intellectual blood flow and deter shot and micro vascular disease. NSAID therapy involves the intervention of Alzheimer ‘s with anti-inflammatory agents which slow the patterned advance of dementedness and suppress its oncoming. NSAIDs portray increased possibilities of take downing degrees of amyloidogenic AI?42 protein ( Bassil & A ; Grossberg, 2009, p.35 ) . From the above information, it is deserving observing that Alzheimer ‘s disease can be prevented utilizing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological options. The integrating of dietetic options and physical exercising may besides be efficient in accomplishing the preventative end of Alzheimer ‘s disease.